Foot fetishism, one of the most prevalent paraphilias, is characterized by a sexual attraction to feet or footwear. This phenomenon, often misunderstood or stigmatized, has intrigued psychologists, sexologists, and neuroscientists for decades. While feet may seem an unlikely focus of erotic desire, foot fetishism reflects complex interactions between biology, psychology, culture, and individual experiences. This article delves into the causes of foot fetishism, exploring why feet become a sexual object, the mechanisms behind this shift in desire, and the implications for understanding human sexuality.
Defining Foot Fetishism
Foot fetishism, clinically termed podophilia, involves recurrent sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors centered on feet, toes, or related objects like shoes or stockings. It falls under the broader category of paraphilias, which are atypical sexual interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Unlike harmful paraphilias, foot fetishism is generally consensual and non-disruptive, often integrated into healthy sexual relationships. The fetish may manifest in various ways, from admiring feet to incorporating them into sexual activities.
The prevalence of foot fetishism is difficult to quantify due to social stigma, but studies suggest it is one of the most common paraphilias, particularly among men (Scorolli et al., 2007). Its prominence in online communities, pornography, and cultural references underscores its widespread appeal. Understanding its origins requires examining psychological, neurological, and sociocultural factors.
Psychological Theories of Foot Fetishism
Psychological theories provide a foundational framework for understanding foot fetishism, focusing on how mental processes and early experiences shape sexual preferences. These theories, rooted in psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and cognitive psychology, explore the unconscious, learned, and symbolic dimensions of fetish development. By examining the mind’s role in eroticizing feet, psychologists aim to uncover why certain individuals develop this specific attraction while others do not.
The psychological perspective emphasizes the interplay between innate drives and environmental influences. For instance, childhood experiences, emotional associations, and socialization can converge to make feet a focal point of desire. These theories also highlight the role of fantasy and meaning-making, where feet become more than a physical object, carrying emotional or symbolic significance for the fetishist.
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in psychosexual theory, viewed fetishism as a response to castration anxiety. In his framework, a fetish object (e.g., feet) serves as a substitute for the perceived "missing" phallus, alleviating unconscious fears (Freud, 1905/2000). For foot fetishists, the foot may symbolize a safer, non-threatening object of desire, displacing anxiety from genitalia to a less "dangerous" body part. Freud’s theory, while influential, is speculative and lacks empirical support.
Castration Anxiety in Psychoanalytic Theory
Castration anxiety is a concept introduced by Sigmund Freud within his psychoanalytic framework, particularly in the context of psychosexual development. It refers to an unconscious fear experienced by young boys during the phallic stage (approximately ages 3–6), where they perceive the possibility of losing their penis as a punishment for their sexual desires, typically directed toward the mother. This fear is rooted in the Oedipus complex, where the boy harbors romantic feelings for the mother and views the father as a rival. According to Freud, the boy may interpret the anatomical difference between males and females—specifically, the absence of a penis in females—as evidence that castration is a real threat, often linked to the father’s authority or societal prohibitions (Freud, 1905/2000). This anxiety plays a pivotal role in shaping the boy’s psychological development, as it prompts him to resolve the Oedipus complex by identifying with the father and internalizing societal norms.
The resolution of castration anxiety is critical for healthy psychological development in Freud’s theory. When the boy recognizes the father’s authority and relinquishes his incestuous desires for the mother, he aligns himself with masculine roles and societal expectations, forming the superego—the internalized moral compass. However, if castration anxiety is not adequately resolved, it may lead to psychological issues, including neuroses or, in some cases, fetishism. For instance, Freud argued that fetishism, such as foot fetishism, could emerge as a defense mechanism, where a non-genital object (e.g., feet) becomes a substitute for the penis, alleviating the fear of castration by displacing sexual desire onto a “safer” object (Freud, 1927/1961). While influential, this theory is speculative and lacks empirical support, and modern psychology often critiques its reliance on untestable assumptions.
Despite its limitations, castration anxiety remains a cornerstone of psychoanalytic discussions of gender and sexuality. Contemporary psychoanalysts, such as Jacques Lacan, have reinterpreted it symbolically, viewing it as a fear of losing power or agency rather than a literal fear of bodily harm. Feminist scholars, like Simone de Beauvoir, have critiqued the concept for its male-centric perspective, arguing it marginalizes female psychosexual development. Nonetheless, castration anxiety continues to inform psychoanalytic explorations of fear, desire, and identity, particularly in understanding how early anxieties shape adult behaviors and sexual preferences (Lacan, 1977).
References
Freud, S. (2000). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (J. Strachey, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1905)
Freud, S. (1961). Fetishism. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 21, pp. 147–157). Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1927)
Lacan, J. (1977). Écrits: A selection (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Tavistock Publications.
More contemporary psychoanalytic views focus on object relations and early childhood experiences. Feet, often one of the first body parts a child explores or sees (e.g., during play or caregiving), may become imbued with erotic significance through imprinting. A positive or intense early experience with feet—such as tickling or foot-focused attention—could create a lasting association with pleasure (Klein, 1975).
Behavioral and Conditioning Theories
Behavioral psychology offers a compelling explanation through classical conditioning. If an individual experiences sexual arousal in the presence of feet (e.g., during an intimate moment), the brain may form an association between feet and sexual pleasure. Over time, repeated exposure strengthens this link, transforming feet into a primary erotic stimulus. This process, known as sexual imprinting, is particularly potent during adolescence, when sexual preferences are forming (Bancroft, 2009).
Classical Conditioning in Behavioral Psychology
Classical conditioning, first described by Ivan Pavlov, is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. In Pavlov’s experiments, a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally triggered an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation in dogs). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus alone could elicit the same response, now termed the conditioned response. In the context of human behavior, classical conditioning explains how emotional and physiological responses, including sexual arousal, can be learned through association. For example, in foot fetishism, a neutral stimulus like feet may become eroticized if repeatedly paired with sexual arousal, transforming feet into a conditioned stimulus that triggers desire (Bancroft, 2009).
In psychosexual development, classical conditioning is particularly influential during adolescence, a period of heightened neuroplasticity when sexual preferences are forming. If an individual experiences sexual arousal in the presence of a specific object, such as feet, the brain may form a lasting association between that object and pleasure. Over time, this conditioned response strengthens, making the object a primary focus of sexual desire. This process, known as sexual imprinting, explains why fetishes often emerge during formative years and persist into adulthood. While classical conditioning offers a robust explanation for learned sexual preferences, it is most effective when combined with other factors, such as neurological predispositions and cultural influences, to fully account for complex behaviors like fetishism (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
Sexual Imprinting in Psychosexual Development
Sexual imprinting is a specific form of learning during which an individual develops lasting sexual preferences or attractions based on early experiences, often during critical developmental periods like adolescence. Rooted in behavioral psychology and ethology, sexual imprinting is analogous to classical conditioning but emphasizes the formation of sexual preferences through exposure to specific stimuli at a young age. For example, in the context of foot fetishism, an individual may develop an attraction to feet if they repeatedly encounter feet in a sexualized or emotionally charged context during puberty, a time when the brain is highly plastic and receptive to forming strong associations. This process results in the stimulus—feet in this case—becoming a primary object of sexual desire, often persisting into adulthood (Bancroft, 2009).
The mechanism of sexual imprinting relies on the brain’s ability to form neural connections between a stimulus and sexual arousal, reinforced by repetition and emotional significance. For instance, if a teenager frequently experiences arousal while observing or interacting with feet, the brain may encode feet as an erotic cue, a process strengthened by dopamine release in the reward system. Unlike general classical conditioning, sexual imprinting is particularly potent during developmental windows when sexual identity and preferences are consolidating. While it provides a compelling explanation for the origins of fetishes and paraphilias, sexual imprinting interacts with neurological, psychological, and cultural factors to fully shape an individual’s sexual orientation or specific attractions (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
For example, a teenager who frequently sees attractive feet in a sexualized context (e.g., media or personal encounters) may develop a conditioned response. The foot becomes a conditioned stimulus, eliciting arousal independent of other sexual cues. This mechanism explains why fetishes often emerge during puberty, a period of heightened neuroplasticity and sexual exploration.
Conditioned Stimulus in Behavioral Psychology
A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response (CR) in the process of classical conditioning. Initially described by Ivan Pavlov, the CS is central to learning theory, as it demonstrates how new associations can shape behavior. For example, in Pavlov’s experiments, a bell (neutral stimulus) was paired with food (US), which naturally caused salivation (unconditioned response). After consistent pairings, the bell alone became a CS, triggering salivation as a CR. In the context of psychosexual development, such as foot fetishism, a neutral stimulus like feet can become a CS if repeatedly associated with sexual arousal (US), eventually eliciting sexual desire (CR) on its own (Bancroft, 2009).
The effectiveness of a CS in eliciting a response depends on the strength and consistency of its association with the US, often reinforced during periods of heightened neuroplasticity, such as adolescence. In fetish development, feet may transition from a neutral stimulus to a CS through repeated exposure in sexualized contexts, such as intimate encounters or media. Once established, the CS can trigger arousal independently, illustrating the brain’s capacity to rewire based on experience. This mechanism underscores the role of learning in shaping sexual preferences and highlights how environmental stimuli can become powerful drivers of behavior when paired with rewarding experiences (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
Neurological Underpinnings
Neurological research offers critical insights into the biological basis of foot fetishism, focusing on how brain structure and function contribute to atypical sexual preferences. By examining neural pathways, sensory processing, and reward mechanisms, scientists aim to explain why feet, among other objects, become eroticized. These findings complement psychological theories, highlighting the interplay between biology and experience in shaping desire.
The brain’s unique organization, particularly in areas responsible for sensation and reward, plays a pivotal role in fetish development. For foot fetishism, the proximity of sensory regions and the brain’s plasticity during development are key factors. Neurological studies also underscore the role of dopamine-driven reward systems in reinforcing fetishistic behaviors.
Brain Mapping and Cross-Wiring
Neuroscience provides insight into why feet, specifically, are a common fetish object. The somatosensory cortex, which processes touch and sensation, maps body parts in close proximity. The area responsible for feet is adjacent to the area for genitalia, leading to theories of neural cross-wiring. In some individuals, neural signals from the foot region may "spill over" into the genital region, creating a sensory overlap that eroticizes feet (Ramachandran & McGeoch, 2007).
Somatosensory Cortex and Its Role in Sensory Processing
The somatosensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe of the brain, is a critical region responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Organized in a topographic manner, it contains a "sensory homunculus," a map where specific areas correspond to different body parts, allowing the brain to localize and interpret sensory input. In the context of foot fetishism, the somatosensory cortex is significant because the region processing foot sensations is located adjacent to the region for genitalia. This proximity has led to theories of neural cross-wiring, where sensory signals from the feet may inadvertently activate genital-related areas, potentially contributing to the eroticization of feet (Ramachandran & McGeoch, 2007).
The plasticity of the somatosensory cortex, especially during developmental periods, allows it to adapt based on experience, which can reinforce certain sensory associations. For example, frequent stimulation of the feet (e.g., through massage or tickling) may strengthen neural connections in the foot region, potentially amplifying its sensory significance. In some individuals, this could lead to an overlap with sexual arousal circuits, making feet a focus of desire. This neurological mechanism complements psychological theories of fetish development, illustrating how brain architecture and sensory experiences interact to shape atypical sexual preferences (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
Ramachandran, V. S., & McGeoch, P. D. (2007). Can vestibular caloric stimulation be used to treat apotemnophilia? Medical Hypotheses, 69(2), 250–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.048
Neural Cross-Wiring in Neuroscience
Neural cross-wiring refers to atypical connections or interactions between adjacent or functionally related areas of the brain, leading to unexpected sensory or behavioral outcomes. In the context of foot fetishism, this concept is linked to the somatosensory cortex, where the region processing sensory input from the feet is located next to the region for the genitalia. This proximity can result in a "spillover" effect, where neural signals from foot stimulation inadvertently activate genital-related areas, potentially eroticizing feet. The hypothesis, proposed by neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran, suggests that such cross-wiring may occur due to developmental anomalies or heightened neural plasticity, particularly during critical periods like adolescence, when sensory and sexual associations are forming (Ramachandran & McGeoch, 2007).
The phenomenon of neural cross-wiring is amplified by the brain’s plasticity, which allows neural pathways to adapt based on experience. For example, repeated sensory stimulation of the feet, such as through touch or cultural emphasis on feet, could strengthen connections between foot and genital regions in the brain, reinforcing the erotic significance of feet. This mechanism provides a biological basis for why certain body parts become fetishized, complementing psychological theories like conditioning. While not all instances of foot fetishism are solely due to cross-wiring, this neurological perspective highlights how brain architecture can contribute to the development of atypical sexual preferences (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
Ramachandran, V. S., & McGeoch, P. D. (2007). Can vestibular caloric stimulation be used to treat apotemnophilia? Medical Hypotheses, 69(2), 250–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.048
This hypothesis suggests that foot fetishism may arise from atypical neural connections formed during brain development. For instance, heightened sensitivity to foot stimulation (e.g., through massage or tickling) could reinforce these connections, making feet a focal point of arousal.
Dopamine and Reward Systems
The brain’s reward system, mediated by dopamine, also plays a role. When an individual engages with a fetish object, the brain releases dopamine, reinforcing the behavior. Over time, this creates a feedback loop where feet become intrinsically rewarding, similar to other pleasurable stimuli. This mechanism is not unique to foot fetishism but explains why fetishes, once established, are persistent (Pfaus et al., 2012).
Cultural Symbolism of Feet
Cultural factors significantly shape fetish development. In some societies, feet are eroticized due to their rarity or taboo status. For example, in cultures where feet are typically covered (e.g., Victorian Europe or certain Asian traditions), their exposure can carry erotic weight. This aligns with the scarcity principle, where restricted access heightens desirability (Bancroft, 2009).
Scarcity Principle in Psychological and Cultural Contexts
The scarcity principle is a psychological concept positing that items or experiences perceived as rare or difficult to obtain are often deemed more desirable or valuable. In the context of foot fetishism, this principle explains why feet may become eroticized in cultures where they are typically concealed, such as in Victorian Europe or certain Asian traditions where footwear or social norms limit their exposure. The restricted access to feet enhances their allure, as the rarity of seeing or touching them creates a sense of exclusivity and fascination, amplifying their erotic potential. This cultural dynamic can shape sexual preferences by framing feet as taboo or special, thus contributing to their fetishization (Bancroft, 2009).
The scarcity principle interacts with other psychological mechanisms, such as conditioning, to reinforce sexual attraction to scarce objects. For example, when feet are rarely visible, their occasional exposure in intimate or sexualized contexts may trigger heightened arousal, strengthening associations between feet and desire through repeated experiences. This principle is not unique to feet but applies broadly to fetish development, where cultural or personal restrictions on certain stimuli enhance their erotic significance. By limiting access, societies inadvertently imbue certain objects or body parts with symbolic power, influencing individual sexual scripts and preferences (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
In contrast, modern Western culture often sexualizes feet through media, fashion, and advertising. High heels, pedicures, and foot-focused imagery in pornography normalize and amplify foot fetishism. These cultural cues provide a framework for individuals to project sexual desire onto feet, especially in environments where feet are aestheticized.
Gender Dynamics
Foot fetishism is more common among men, possibly due to sexual dimorphism and socialization. Men are often socialized to focus on specific body parts as markers of attraction, and feet—particularly those deemed delicate or well-groomed—may align with idealized notions of femininity. Feminist scholars, like Laura Mulvey, argue that such fetishes reflect broader patterns of objectification, where body parts are detached from the whole person and eroticized (Mulvey, 1975).
Sexual Dimorphism in Human Sexuality
Sexual dimorphism refers to the physical and behavioral differences between males and females of a species, driven by evolutionary pressures such as sexual selection and reproduction. In humans, sexual dimorphism manifests in traits like body size, muscle mass, and secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breasts, facial hair), as well as in psychological and behavioral tendencies shaped by socialization and biology. In the context of foot fetishism, sexual dimorphism may contribute to the higher prevalence of this paraphilia among men, as men are often socialized to focus on specific female body parts—such as feet—that align with culturally constructed ideals of femininity, like delicate or well-groomed feet. These gendered differences in attraction patterns reflect both biological predispositions and societal reinforcement (Bancroft, 2009).
The interplay of sexual dimorphism and fetish development is evident in how men and women are conditioned to perceive and prioritize sexual cues. Evolutionary theories suggest men may be more visually oriented, with a tendency to fixate on physical attributes that signal reproductive fitness, which can extend to non-reproductive body parts like feet when cultural or personal experiences amplify their significance. Socialization further enhances these tendencies, as men are often exposed to media and cultural narratives that sexualize specific female traits. This dynamic helps explain why foot fetishism is more common among men, as feet may become a focal point of desire through a combination of biological predispositions and learned gender roles (Pfaus et al., 2012).
References
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
The Mechanism of Object Displacement
The concept of object displacement explains how sexual desire shifts from conventional foci (e.g., genitalia) to atypical objects like feet. This process involves psychological, neurological, and cultural mechanisms that redirect libido to a substitute object, which may carry unique emotional or symbolic significance. Understanding displacement sheds light on why feet become eroticized and how this preference becomes entrenched.
Displacement is not a random occurrence but a structured process influenced by developmental experiences, brain plasticity, and societal norms. For foot fetishists, feet emerge as a powerful erotic symbol through a combination of sensory, emotional, and cultural factors, making them a primary rather than secondary object of desire.
Why Feet Become the Object of Desire
The shift in sexual focus from conventional objects to feet involves a process of displacement. In psychosexual terms, displacement occurs when libido is redirected to a substitute object that is safer, more accessible, or symbolically significant. Feet may serve this role for several reasons:
- Proximity and Accessibility: Feet are often visible and touchable, making them a convenient target for erotic fixation. Unlike genitalia, they are less stigmatized, allowing individuals to explore their attraction without shame.
- Symbolic Substitution: Feet may symbolize other desires or anxieties. For example, they can represent submission (e.g., kissing feet as an act of devotion) or dominance, depending on the fetishist’s fantasies (Freud, 1905/2000).
- Sensory Richness: Feet are highly sensitive, with numerous nerve endings. Touching or admiring them can evoke strong sensory responses, reinforcing their erotic appeal.
The Role of Fantasy and Imagination
Foot fetishism often involves elaborate fantasies, where feet are not merely physical but carry symbolic meaning. This aligns with script theory, which posits that sexual arousal is driven by internalized narratives or “scripts.” For a foot fetishist, the foot may be scripted as a powerful erotic symbol, shaped by personal experiences, media, or cultural norms. The fetish object thus becomes a transitional object, bridging the gap between fantasy and reality (Bancroft, 2009).
Where the "Mistake" Occurs
The notion of a “mistake” in object choice assumes a normative view of sexuality, where only certain objects (e.g., genitalia) are “correct.” However, foot fetishism is better understood as a variation rather than an error. The "exchange" or "confusion" of the object of desire occurs during the formative stages of sexual development, when neural, psychological, and cultural factors converge to prioritize feet over other stimuli. This process is not random but reflects the individual’s unique developmental trajectory.
For example, a child who associates feet with comfort or pleasure may later eroticize them during puberty, especially if reinforced by conditioning or cultural cues. The brain’s plasticity allows this preference to become entrenched, making feet a primary rather than secondary object of desire. This shift is neither pathological nor accidental but a natural outcome of complex psychosexual processes (Pfaus et al., 2012).
Implications and Acceptance
Foot fetishism, when consensual and non-harmful, is a benign expression of human sexuality. However, societal stigma can lead to shame or secrecy among fetishists. Psychoeducation and open dialogue can normalize these interests, fostering acceptance in both personal and professional contexts. Therapists working with fetishists should focus on self-acceptance and communication, ensuring the fetish enhances rather than disrupts relationships (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
From a research perspective, foot fetishism offers a window into the plasticity of human desire. It challenges binary notions of “normal” versus “abnormal” sexuality, highlighting the diversity of erotic expression. Future studies could explore the interplay of genetics, brain structure, and environment in shaping fetishes, using advanced neuroimaging or longitudinal designs.
Foot fetishism is a multifaceted phenomenon rooted in psychological, neurological, and cultural factors. From Freud’s psychoanalytic lens to modern neuroscience, various theories explain why feet become objects of desire. The process involves conditioning, neural cross-wiring, and symbolic displacement, where feet substitute or complement conventional erotic foci. Cultural norms and personal experiences further shape this preference, making foot fetishism a rich subject for psychosexual research. By understanding its causes, we can destigmatize this common paraphilia and appreciate the complexity of human sexuality.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
Freud, S. (2000). Three essays on the theory of sexuality (J. Strachey, Trans.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1905)
Klein, M. (1975). Love, guilt and reparation: And other works 1921–1945. Hogarth Press.
Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. Screen, 16(3), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/screen/16.3.6
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria-Avila, G. (2012). What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annual Review of Sex Research, 23(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2012.10597575
Ramachandran, V. S., & McGeoch, P. D. (2007). Can vestibular caloric stimulation be used to treat apotemnophilia? Medical Hypotheses, 69(2), 250–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.048
Scorolli, C., Ghirlanda, S., Enquist, M., Zattoni, S., & Jannini, E. A. (2007). Relative prevalence of different fetishes. International Journal of Impotence Research, 19(4), 432–437. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547
